Sunday, June 04, 2017

How To Save the World

How to Save the World: 
The Biggest Risks Humanity Faces 
and How to Militate Against Them 
by Building a New Democratically-Oriented 
Global Techno-Social Fabric


(Last week I had the opportunity to spend a few days brainstorming with my friends at the Economic Space Agency, an unusual and fascinating California startup organization.  Among our technical conversations we also touched here and there on some of the major social issues facing humanity as it moves forward into the era of radically advanced technologies.  This article summarizes some of the ideas we tossed around.)


I generally tend to be an optimist, including about advanced technology and about the future potential for human and transhumanist growth.  I think we’re going to create superhuman thinking machines and that some of us will merge with them and explore incredible new forms of mind, society and embodiment and experience.  I think we will create radical material abundance that will end the era of working for a living, and end disease and death.

I also think, though, there may be some serious downs as well as ups on the way to this radiant future.  And there’s also a nontrivial risk that one of the downs takes us so far down as to prevent the amazing positive futures I envision from actually coming to pass.

“Saving the world” as I mean it involves both the positive and negative aspects — making the world better by improving things dramatically, but also, preventing terrible things from happening and destroying the beautiful things we already have.

On the positive side, there is a great diversity of human values around the world, but there is also some commonality.  Nearly all of us have an innate sense of joy, and want to feel joyful.  Nearly all of us have some sense of compassion, and want others around us to feel joyful as well.   Nearly all of us want to be able to choose key aspects of our lives, and/or to have our families and communities able to choose key elements of their own paths.  And many  of us would like to grow beyond our current limitations, becoming more successful and more helpful and exploring new horizons.  And fortunately, it appears likely that a variety of advanced technologies, currently already emerging, are going to be able to promote these positive values to an unprecedented degree.  Computer networking, AI, biotech, nanotech, blockchain…

And on the negative side, the list of risks we face is also well known.  There’s the risk of natural disaster — comets hitting the Earth and so forth.   There’s the risk of human-encouraged natural catastrophe — global warming causing an unforeseen chemical reaction in the oceans leading to massive release of poison gas, or some such.   There’s the risk Nick Bostrom worries about in his book “Superintelligence” — that superhuman AIs will decide the molecules comprising humans can be more aesthetically or effectively used for some utterly nonhuman purpose.  There’s the risk of World War III between nation-states.

And then there’s the risk I think is actually the most worrisome — the risk that disaffected people, shut out of the centers of the world economy via radical economic inequality and/or political restrictions, leverage advanced technology to cause massive destruction.  Which then creates a negative and chaotic global political situation, in which all sorts of destructive technologies get born (including maybe the ones Bostrom worries about).

One thing I’m going to explain here is why I think this risk is a serious one — and then, what sort of things I think can be done to mitigate the risk.   And the solutions I’m going to suggest are things that we really should do anyway, for a whole host of reasons.

My logic here will involve a few decent-sized leaps, but I don’t think they’re insanely huge ones. You'll have to judge for yourself ;-)

When Robots Take The Jobs, Who Will Give Basic Income to the Residents of the Congo?

Let’s suppose that AI and robotics and associated technologies keep on advancing impressively, so that the need for human labor in the economy keeps on decreasing.  Then what happens to the people whose efforts are no longer needed in the labor force?   In the developed world, we already see a strong movement toward universal basic income, which is pretty much the only rational and compassionate solution to the situation.  But what about the developing world?   Who will give universal basic income to the citizens of, say, the Congo or Central African Republic, when the developed-world economy has advanced sufficiently that outsourcing to the citizens of these nations doesn’t make any economic sense?

One possibility is that developed-world philanthropists or governments rise to the occasion and distribute universal basic income throughout the world.   But I don’t have much faith this will happen.

One issue is that even the wealthiest philanthropists don’t have the funds to make a huge difference.   Suppose Bill Gates gave half his wealth to supply Africa with universal basic income.   30 billion dollars would give 30 dollars to each African for one year.   This is just not enough.   No small set of good-hearted individuals is wealthy enough to make a real dent here.  The whole class of super-wealthy individuals is rich enough to make a dent, but few of them care as much as the celebrated handful of billionaire philanthropists like Gates, Zuckerberg and Buffett.

Another issue is that, in developed democracies like the US, average voters are typically very unhappy with foreign aid.   Average Americans vastly overestimate the amount of foreign aid that the US government currently gives out, and they tend not to like it.   When the US gov’t first starts giving out universal basic income, it’s not going to be enough to keep everyone happy.  Average voters are not so likely to want to diminish their monthly payment in order to help faraway people with strange cultures and belief systems.

It could happen that, due to advancing technology, supplying basic needs becomes SO cheap that it becomes politically unproblematic to supply a universal basic income globally.  This might be the case if, for instance, we had a sudden breakthrough in molecular nanotechnology leading to fairly general-purpose, low-cost molecular assemblers.  This would be awesome.  But to be frank, I’m not counting on it.  I’m sure these technologies will come, but they may come only a few years or a decade or two AFTER the technology that obsoletes outsourcing and leaves developing-world citizens economically stranded.

The (Extreme and Nasty) Qualitative Nature of Global Inequality Today

For folks living in developed nations, it’s hard to get a sense of the extent to which people in the worse-off portions of the developing world feel (and are) left out of the modern world economy.   (I’ve gotten a little bit of insight into this via frequent visits to Ethiopia, where I’ve been co-running an AI and robotics outsourcing shop since 2013.  But I’m sure I still don’t have a full feel for these things, to the extent that I would if I’d grown up there.)

Let me try to give a vague flavor of the situation.   If you live in sub-Saharan Africa, the odds are that even if you can afford a smartphone, you can’t afford a lot of data minutes.  Unrestricted viewing of, say, educational videos is not an option.

You aren’t all that likely to be able to afford university tuition (if you do well on the exams at the end of high school, you have a good chance; but if you miss that one opportunity, your chance is probably nixed for life).

If you want to start a business, good luck saving a couple thousand US dollars in seed funding.  As soon as you save a few hundred dollars, odds are fairly high that some relative in a remote village will have a genuine urgent need for funding to pay for critical medical care.  Your choice may be to spend your savings to help your great-aunt, or else to be responsible for her death.

Do you want to use your hard-won savings to fly to some foreign tech hub to show your prototype to some investors?  Good luck getting a visa.  Sometimes it’s possible but it’s extremely chancy.  (I have had many failures trying to bring my Ethiopian AI researcher colleagues to Hong Kong, Canada and the US on temporary visitor visas or work visas.  These are people with advanced degrees in science and technology, and work history in AI software development.   Occasionally it succeeds; often the immigration departments reject the applications with no reason given.)

If you've managed to buck the odds and scramble like hell to gain the needed skills, maybe you can work online for overseas customers, doing consulting and saving money for your future that way.   Well, except the e-work websites may well not be set up to allow you to register any payment method available to you on their sites.    If you do manage to register, you'll get paid 1/10 the amount of folks in the developed world for doing exactly the same work, because of the country of residence indicated on your profile on the site.   And oh, then you  may find that your country's government decides to shut down the Internet for a week or two here or there (as I write this, Ethiopia has just shut down its whole country's internet for a week to try to avoid high school students cheating on their final exams) -- they don't seem to care what this will make your international customers think of your reliability!

Some folks in the developing world fight through all these factors to achieve great or modest success.   Many do not, despite having plenty of smarts and despite putting in MUCH more effort than the average, reasonably successful US, Western European or Chinese citizen.

The situation in, say, the former Soviet republics or the less well-off countries in Southeast Asia or South America is not as extreme as in sub-Saharan Africa.  But for many people it is qualitatively the same.   Why do you think there are so many Filipino women willing to leave their spouses and children to work as domestic helpers in Hong Kong for US$600/month, half of which they’ll send home to their families?  Why do you think there are so many attractive, college-educated young Eastern European women, willing to sell themselves as mail-order brides to unattractive, dull middle-aged men in the US or Western Europe?

What’s at issue here is not economic equality per se — almost nobody I know is upset that some people are richer than others.  There are differentials in ability and willingness to work that naturally lead to differences in wealth and income, at the current state of technological development.  And almost nobody wants to wipe out all the impact of history on wealth — nearly everyone wants to be able to pass along some of what they create or earn during their lives to their children, for example.  What’s at issue here is the ability to participate in a reasonably full way in the world economy.  In other words, those developing-world citizens I know who are discontented with their role in the world economy (i.e. nearly all of them) are not discontented with the fact that there is an economic game with a competitive aspect to it, nor are they disgruntled with sour grapes that they have lost the game.  They are discontented that, by dint of the nations they happen to have been born in, they are essentially disqualified from playing the game.  They have to fight a hard battle with low odds, often entailing great personal and family sacrifices, just to get on the playing field of the international tech economy.

I’m aware that life can be tough all around.   Even the super-wealthy can find life a struggle each day, as newspaper tabloids amply document.  I was raised middle class, nowhere near wealthy, and have worked quite hard all my adult life, with numerous ups and downs both personally and career-wise, some quite traumatic.  I’m pretty contented now and I’m grateful for both the situation I was born into and various opportunities I’ve made and happened into.  But I’ve seen close friends, also middle-class living in the developed world, commit suicide due to the difficulty of fighting through unfairly stacked competition and stultifying bureaucracy to realize their dreams.  Human psyche and human culture involve suffering everywhere on the planet; and in some ways I feel like folks in the developing world have more satisfying lives than their materially wealthy counterparts, due to the rich and warm social fabric they so often weave.  Complexities abound in nearly all human situations.  But none of these complexities takes away the prevalence, unfairness or danger of the gross inequity in the current world situation.

Minimizing the Odds of Massive Inequality Leading to Global Catastrophe

OK, so radical inequality of opportunity is prevalent and it sucks.  Now take the next step, and realize that: In spite of these factors, there are more and more highly educated young people in the developing world, with understanding of advanced technology.  Even the poorest nations are now equipped with computers and networks, and with biological lab equipment, and with universities teaching advanced science and engineering.

It’s not hard to see what sorts of risks this situation leads to.  If global inequality keeps increasing, and we have an increasing population of people who are largely shut out of the excitingly advancing global tech economy — but with significant access to modern education and technological tools — what do you think is likely to happen?

As technology advances, it takes fewer and fewer people, with less and less intelligence and know-how, to create more and more destruction.  This is true with computer hacking, it’s true with drones and robots, it’s true with biotech, and it will soon be true with nanotech.

What we need to do, to prevent global wealth inequality and advanced technology from adding up to produce global catastrophe, is increase equitability of opportunity.  We need to enable everyone in the world to have the opportunity to really play the modern global economic-social game.  We need to all be in this together, on a basic level, or else, we’re likely to squander our chance to create radical abundance for all via destroying ourselves in a maelstrom of foolishness, selfishness and violence.

I don’t mean to give the impression that the ONLY reason radical global inequality of opportunity is bad, is its strong potential to lead to widespread destruction.  According to my own morals, this sort of radical inequality of opportunity is intrinsically a rotten thing, regardless of the risk it poses to global safety.   I favor joy, growth and choice for all sentient beings, inasmuch is possible, and radical global inequality obvious is crappy on all three counts (it badly hurts joy, growth and choice, calculated in total across the globe).   I’m just highlighting, in this particular essay, one among the many nasty implications of this sort of inequality: its reasonably high likelihood of fostering a situation in which vast numbers of humans get killed and nasty futuristic technologies get developed in the chaotic aftermath.

Technology is not the whole solution here; this is a human psychology and culture problem as well as a technology problem.  But I do believe that appropriate deployment of appropriate technologies can help create a context in which culture is more likely to evolve in a way that mitigates these problems.

What technologies do we need?  We need technologies that encourage a democratic global social fabric.  That make it easier for people all around the world to connect with each other, to create media of all sorts for sharing with each other, to transact economically and emotionally with each other.  That make it less and less practical for governments and large corporations — with their tendency toward impersonality and inertia — to clog, prohibit or pervert exchanges between individuals and the formation of ad hoc or persistent social networks of various sizes and types.

Six Critical Technologies for Enabling a Positive Future

Fortunately these objectives can viably be achieved by a menu of technologies already in development to various extents.

The following would be a good start:


  1. Mesh networks, so that Internet access is outside the control of large corporations and governments, and in more direct control of the people
  2. Decentralized production of low-cost hardware.   When we can 3D print the smartphones that enable the mesh network, in relatively low-cost local factories, then we’ll be in a pretty exciting position.
  3. Machine translation, for both text and voice, that handles all the world’s languages.   This is an area where my own research on artificial general intelligence may have a transformative role to play.
  4. A social-network infrastructure that is widely used, that leverages machine translation and mesh networks, and that is out of the control of governments and corporations.
  5. A decentralized, peer-to-peer economic exchange mechanism that is widely used and understood, operating on the mesh and requiring only prevalent low-cost hardware.  Blockchain technologies provide an obvious basis here, including the new tech and ideas my friends at the Economic Space Agency are working on.
  6. Videos, games, augmented reality, virtual reality, biofeedback, neurofeedback and AI interaction systems that are oriented toward helping people understand themselves and each other better.  


Regarding the last point, another way to say it is: We need meaningful media that will help people grow, and help them come together, and help them confront the world’s difficult problems with love rather than hate — and we need this media distributed in a democratic and decentralized way rather than via advertising or propaganda dominated media channels.  If provided with the technology to create and disseminate meaningful media, the people of the world will, in my estimation, most probably do so.  There will be lots of less-meaningful media alongside, to be sure.  But if media is more strongly separated from the desire of governments to spread propaganda and the desire of corporations to maximize profit, then the more positive and growth-oriented sides of humanity will have more chance to self-organize into powerful new configurations.

These mechanisms would not automatically, magically make universal basic income spread globally.  But they would make it far more likely.  They would create massively richer, more positive interaction and interoperation between the developed and developing world economies.  They would lead to the flourishing of creative new economic and social networks, including many oriented toward environmental, social and spiritual benefit.  Rather than relying  on governments or corporations, or majority vote in corporate media dominated democracies, to spread the bounty from technological progress widely — these tools would foster self-organization of decentralized mechanisms enabling individuals and small groups to reach out to other individuals and small groups and engage them in positive and mutually beneficial interactions.

Think About It ...

Do we need all of the above to avert catastrophe?  Not necessarily.

Would the development of all this necessarily avert catastrophe?  Not necessarily.

But the more of this we can get, the more of a global “level playing field” we’re going to have, and the more of a sense we’re going to have that we’re all in this together.

Development and deployment of this set of technologies would constitute a revolution, but not the violent kind.  We don’t need to overthrow the world’s governments (though some are bound to get overthrown in the next couple decades anyway) and we don’t need to eliminate all the big corporations.  What we need to do is to build new networks that join people together directly, in parallel to governments and corporations, and ultimately subverting their power and influence.

With the above set of technologies, we would have a medium within which all sorts of new social, economic and cultural network would form.  These would not lead to complete economic or social equality, and would not eradicate all the problems of the world.  But they would go a long way toward enabling everyone on the planet to participate fully in the ongoing techno-social revolution.  A world dominated by such technologies would be one in which positive new tech would have a higher odds of getting developed - including biotech that heals rather than biotech that kills, and AI that loves us rather than AI that repurposes all our molecules.

It’s complicated.  But it’s not more complicated than building Google, Baidu, the Internet, self-driving cars, New York or Beijing, or pulling off the Human Genome Project.  Humanity can solve very complicated problems, when it focuses even a quite modest subset of its attention.

Think about where we, as a society, are focusing our technology development efforts.  Google and Tesla are great companies, for example.  But how ultimately important is more effective online ad placement, and better creation of luxury cars?   Why is our economy and society organized so that so many of the best educated brilliant minds on the planet are focusing their attention on such things?   Of course, Google’s work on ads is funding its work on life extension (Calico); and Tesla’s work on luxury cars is funding its work on better batteries, which has very broad application.   In general — in spite of the developed world focusing the majority of its economy on the creation of things that exacerbate inequality and appeal to the more selfish, shallow human emotions — we are still getting amazing and important things done.

But it’s not clear that getting the important stuff done as a side-effect of building frivolous things to enrich or amuse the most wealthy is going to be good enough.

It may be that we really need some more direct focus on technologies with strong direct potential for global good.

Think about it.

57 comments:

Stephen Paul King said...

Why are the third world countries stuck in the barely hand to mouth economy? Why are they not actually developing? The problem is systemic, not monetary, IMHO. Handing out UBI bitcoin wallets to every one will not change their conditions; it might make it more likely that the despots that run those countries will just steal all the wallets.

Tim Tyler said...

A number of the technical recommendations seem rather predicated on mesh networks being a big thing. It seems fair to say that machines will probably get more friendly with their neighbors and lower their firewalls a bit, but P2P networks have had a checkered history so far, with illegal filesharing, usenet going bust, and so on. Probably, large datacenter operators are not feeling too threatened.

Technology seems to facilitate inequality, by providing the haves with the means to keep their stuff away from the have-nots. Traditionally, equilibrium is maintained where the haves give the have-nots just enough to keep the chances of a bloody revolution fairly low. This model does not make particularly optimistic about the chances of a technical fix for this situation - but I figure that we will continue to survive without one.

Unknown said...

The current model is unsustainable. The Roman empire needs to fall and we need to go through a new dark age before technology can truly benefit everyone. There's no other way. I mean, how could the Romans have used technology to sustain their empire? Not possible. This prospect might not be palpable to aging immortalists like you, Ben. But it is, unfortunately, the reality.

openworld said...

Ben, thanks for such an incisive and persuasive case. I think you've overlooked opportunities for community land trusts (coupled with transparency-enhancing eGov reforms) to awaken asset values for shared benefit in emerging economies.

Here's a paper on how digital philanthropy might help seed scalable local initiatives along these lines – http://is.gd/postscarcity . Will welcome your comments and further thoughts.

Pat said...

Thank you.

Hruy said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Hruy said...

Most of the points seem reasonable assuming that money based economy will still be part of humanity's future in the era of transcendent technology that is capable of bringing abundance. Yet, in such future, I doubt there will be a room for money; be it cash or whatever electronic currency or not even bartering in its many forms.

Why? Well the near future looks like the end for human-intensive production and intelligent machines and robots will replace, if not all, more than half of today's jobs. It is not only jobs that are at risk, but careers too that require intuition and artistic creativity. And if we have such technology transition in our time, the money based economy will die for one single reason; we often forget that workers, the current major production force, are also buyers.

I buy things because I work which is rewarded by wages/salary and this income is my purchasing power, which in return becomes profit in someone else's pocket. When technology retires the majority of the production force, it means the buyers or the money based market in general is discharged.

In the early days of the transition, producers (in every sector) might keep up with the profit loss which is supposed to be collected from all the unemployed work force because of their new advantage in production cost; free of wage/salary and cheaper but better processes due to tech impacts. But as more of the human labor becomes obsolete, they (producers in every sector) will start suffering due to a shrinking market size and enlarging profit loss because more than half of their customers are now unemployed, a penniless mass. Production needs consumers and consumers are people with job/career.

The proceeding scenario after this point will have three possible paths. A) The human mind will let go of the current value system and money (or its derivatives) becomes obsolete. B) The innate human greed will refuse to let go of today's value system and the price of everything will be sky-hi resulting a super distractive inequality on the globe, which most probably evoke an endless small wars, conflicts, civil unrests, and mayhems in almost every nations. C) The future will bring new types of jobs and careers previously unknown to humans that are not replaceable by machines and this will bring stability in the market returning workers that will have the income to buy things thus the profit to the producers.

But from these possible outcomes, option C seems the least probable. Whatever the human worker is capable of, the then machine can also do it or even excel humans at the task. However, if it happens, it doesn't help the plea of the current inequality gap because the system is nothing but the continuation of the current status quo in a different package. If A is the path, it will reduce inequality to a significant level because things will be free because in that future the value system doesn't require reward in money form. Yet, there is always a room for a different form of inequality. Yet again, whatever form it maybe, at least humanity will be free from the current inequality, which is degrading and unjust because it is rooted in the fulfilment of necessities, education, and most importantly ones self-respect. Option B has also a high probability. We are witnessing it today in the under developed nations. Probably, it will be the reason why we will never have a singularity. Once the chaos spread to the developed nations, it will provoke a massive destruction that will reset civilization back to the medieval age and in such a dystopian future inequality is the least of our fears.

Nevertheless, today's inequality is indeed the key to set the future and we have to address it now before any of our other social problems. And if we are set to reduce the inequality gap while expecting a machine-intensive production, then the focus should be on how to change the current value system. Ironically, this is the problem of the developed nations as they are in control of today's economy and the way it functions.

Ben Goertzel said...

Thanks Hruy for the elaborate comment.... I agree that a rethinking and recalibration of humanity's value system is going to be key... I am not sure if this will happen mainly within the developed world -- perhaps it will happen via a globally distributed subset of the population, connected together by new technologies as they unfold. Certainly there are decent-sized communities within the developed world who want to create and adopt more just, kind and positive value systems -- but these communities are not the ones that have the most power at the moment, at least not in a transparent sense... Hmm...

Andrew Carter said...

Your blog is awesome. You have shared very valuable information to us. Thank you so much for sharing this.

Expo 2017 Astana

elissa GRACE said...

I come at your work & ideas with a non-academic bible-scholar's Christian perspective; what caught my eye was the title "How to save the world" .. of course, you probably know, I believe the world has already been saved, but people don't want the salvation that comes with the price tag of loving your neighbor as yourself. There’s a difference between saving the world & curing it.. you seem to be talking more about curing the ills of the world but saving it requires fixing that thing in each individual that’s not willing to love their neighbors as themselves; without it, greed prevails, war ensues, we become our own gods, accountable to no one but ourselves.

According to the bible, all the problems you outlined above are bc humans refuse to operate within their program limits: men rebel against our Holy Coder, a righteous & Holy God; men love sin & hate God... the consequence of sin is death. That makes sense since the Living God coded us to live so when we break His laws of life, we die. He is the coder; it's His program, we blew it in arrogant disregard for His will & we are living that messed up code of disobedience & nothing we can do can fix that for ourselves. This is what Jesus did for those of us who believe His word & can see God knows EXACTLY what He is doing & He revealed it in His word; we have a different world view.

Investigating the claims in the bible brought me to understand my sin & realize I can't fix or atone for the crap I've done but my faith & belief in Jesus saved me. How? By regeneration, I do not WANT to sin any more, I'm still tempted, but I’ve been saved. I’m a different person, born again with the Holy Spirit who keeps me, giving me understanding about God through the study of those scriptures. The transformation that occurs to someone who is really born-again is one that inherently changes us making us aware of our accountability to God, loving God & repulsed by our sin.

It sucks but this chaos unfolding in the world is laid out in scriptures, it accelerates to such perfect hate for God that He’s going to pull the plug eventually. Believe it or not, I actually came across your stuff because the system of AI Singularity meets a bunch of the details described in the bible as the beast. There are some freaky parallels & the more you guys talk about integrating with humans, the more you freak us Christians right out!!

I see you are interested in psi, I was too before I read the bible... now I just understand it differently. You might enjoy taking a look at how the veil is constructed around us what that beast system is all about.
From what I've found after about 7y of investigation there appears to be only 1 Creator on record, speaking in the 1st person, in all of recorded history. It's pretty cool that He said "I am God, I will not share my glory with another" Isaiah 48:11 & 42:8. He is the only God any religion has ever glorified as the Creator. Not sure how that could have been pulled off if the bible was not exactly what it claimed to be. I just recommend reading it... because if that is God speaking in that book, the purpose for your existence is written in there & life makes a lot more sense once you know what it says.
peace

Unknown said...

ALL LOAN SERVICES AVAILABLE

Commercial Loans
Personal Loans
Business Loans
Investments Loans
Development Loans
Acquisition Loans
Construction loans
Business Loans And many More:

Contact Us At : urbansuccessfundings@gmail.com

LOAN APPLICATION FORM:

Full Name:................
Loan Amount Needed:.
Purpose of loan:.......
Loan Duration:..
Gender:.............
Marital status:....
Location:..........
Home Address:..
City:............
Country:......
Phone:..........
Mobile / Cell:....
Occupation:......
Monthly Income:....
Website You Heard About Us?......

Contact Us At : urbansuccessfundings@gmail.com

Average Joe said...

Peace to you also my sister. Do not mistake correlation with causation.. Know thyself. (I think we are Aquarians.)

Unknown said...

CAPITAL LOANS LLC
We provide personal loans for debt consolidation, bad credit loans, secure loans, loans for bad credit and instant secured loans with cheap rates. Do you have a firm or company that need loan to start up a business or need a personal loan, Debt consolidation? We will provide you with loan to meet your needs.

Note: We offer the following loan services
*Commercial Loans.
*Personal Loans.
*Business Loans.
*Investments Loans.
*Development Loans.
*Acquisition Loans .
*Construction loans.
*Business Loans etc
For more information contact us through our Email: capitalloansllcfunding@gmail.com

mariamith said...

Anyone can attempt writing on your behalf, however, the question is would you pay someone to do it for you without checking their credibility? Our firm has established itself as the most trustworthy assignment help firm in Australia and globally. Join these thousands of students and achieve high distinction in each and every one of your college tasks. This is the main reason why most students search for assignment help australia over the internet and choose only the most proficient and trusted academic writing experts. So, if you are searching for quality usa assignment help you can find it right here from the local experts.

Unknown said...

Such environmental projects are quite relevant during the pandemic and other global problems of the world. I also try to be the initiator of some events, I have time for such activities due to the fact that I use the help of proven professionals https://place-4-papers.com/buy-thesis-proposal/

oncasinositeinfo said...

Great bloog here! Also your website loads up very fast! What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wih my website loaded up as quickly as yours 카지노사이트

totopickpro said...

Greate article. Keep writing such kind of information on your page.
Im really impressed by your blog. 토토

yadongbiz said...

Everyone loves what you guys are up too. This type of clever work and coverage! Keep up the great works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to my own blogroll
일본야동

yahanvideonet said...


I admire what you have done here. I like the part where you say you are doing this to give back but I would assume by all the comments that this is working for you as well.

일본야동

koreayadongcom said...


Thank you for some other informative blog. Where else could I get that type of information written in such an ideal means? I have a mission that I’m just now working on, and I have been at the look out for such information.

일본야동

japanyadongcom said...


Good Work At All. I Really impressed and got lots of information from your post and encourage me to work as best as I can.


국산야동

Indianwebseries said...

charmsukh

Palang Tod

Hot Web Series

fliz web series

anitaukslut4u

indian hot web series

tango live premium indian videos

bhoomika vasishth tango

sapna sappu

Adity Mistry

desi bhabhi

indian mms

xxx web series

niksindian

niks indian

gunnjan aras

gunjan aras

nude web series

sarla bhabhi

lovely ghosh

poonam pandey porn

oasi das

indian adult web series

sherlyn chopra nude

poonam pandey nude

poonam pandey instagram

poonam pandey sex

Rajsi Verma

resmi r nair

resmi r nair nude

simran kaur

simran kaur nude

anam khan

anam khan nude

annie sharma

mishti basu

bamgosoocom said...


I amazed with the research you made to make this actual submit incredible.
Great activity!

Have a look at my homepage; 풀싸롱
(jk)

oncadaycom said...

My partner and I stumbled over here by a different page and thought I should
check things out. I like what I see so now i’m
following you. Look forward to finding out about your web page yet again
카지노

wep

Madeline Packer said...

It is so good that you cover such important topics in your posts. It's really valuable. I thought about writing an essay on this topic, but first you need to find a site that will write me pre written essays.

Anonymous said...

The blog is instructive additionally but I believe it will help a lot in my country 토토추천

Anonymous said...

I look forward to your kind cooperation. 메이저사이트 Thanks for finally writing about

Anonymous said...

We are linking to this great post on our website best by introducing verification and verification companies. 먹튀폴리스

Anonymous said...

Thank you for the information provided! Maintain the good performance of your site. You can also check my article 토토사이트검증

Anonymous said...

smart so I’m not 100% sure. Any tips or advice 메이저검증업체 would post. I was searching for this sort of data and delighted in perusing this one.

betmagusoyang said...

Great write-up, I am normal visitor of one?¦s website, maintain up the excellent operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.온라인경마

메가슬롯 said...

I think your writing will help me, can you come to me once and help? My site is "메가슬롯


샌즈카지노 said...

Your post has really helped me a lot. I live in a different country than you, but I believe it will help a lot in my country. 샌즈카지노 Thank you very much. Can I refer to your post on my website? Your post touched me a lot and helped me a lot. If you have any questions, please visit my site and read what kind of posts I am posting. I am sure it will be interesting.


sportstototopcom said...

This is very interesting, You’re an excessively skilled bloggerI have joined your rss feed and sit up for in quest of extra of your wonderful post.
스포츠토토

sportstototopcom said...

Thanks for sharing a great article.
You are providing wonderful information, it is very useful to us.
Keep posting like this informative articles.
Thank you. 스포츠토토

roulettesitetop said...

I have been reading your posts regularly. I need to say that you are doing a fantastic job. Please keep up the great work. 카지노사이트

KUPZ said...

Excellent blog right here! Additionally your website a lot up very fast! What web host are you the usage of? Can I am getting your affiliate hyperlink on your host? I want my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol

야설
립카페
횟수 무제한 출장
마사지
온라인카지노

roulettesitetop said...

Thanks for sharing excellent information. Your web-site is so cool. I am impressed by the details that you’ve on this web site. 카지노사이트

메이저놀이터 said...

There are also articles on these topics on my blog and I hope you visit once and have a deep discussion! 메이저놀이터

massage.blue said...

Some really useful stuff on here, keep up posting. Cheers.
마사지블루

gunma.top said...

Hard to ignore such an amazing article like this. You really amazed me with your writing talent. Thank for you shared again.
건마탑

yasul.top said...

I've read your article, and I think it very useful. thanks for sharing
야설

majortotosite.com said...

Aw, this was an extremely nice post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to generate a top
notch article.
메이저토토사이트

Anonymous said...

Do you mind if I quote a couple of your posts as long as I provide credit and sources back to your site? My blog is in the exact same area of interest as yours and my visitors would truly benefit from some of the information you provide here. Please let me know if this ok with you. Thanks! Acknowledges for paper such a beneficial composition, I stumbled beside your blog besides decipher a limited announce. I want your technique of inscription.. Only aspire to mention ones content can be as incredible. This clarity with your post is superb and that i may think you’re a guru for this issue. High-quality along with your concur permit me to to seize your current give to keep modified by using approaching blog post. Thanks a lot hundreds of along with you should go on the pleasurable get the job done. 토토사이트추천

Anonymous said...

Pretty component of substance. I essentially found your site and in increase money to guarantee that I get indeed delighted in account your blog entries. Any way I will buy in your increase or even I satisfaction you get section to continually quickly. It's ideal to partake in a challenge for among the best websites on the web. I will propose this site! This site is generally a walk through for the entirety of the information you wished about this and didn't have a clue who to inquire. Impression here, and furthermore you'll emphatically reveal it. Goodness, astounding weblog structure! How long have you been running a blog for? you make publishing content to a blog look simple. The whole look of your site is incredible, as intelligently as the substance! This is an extraordinary blog. I'm truly happy I have discovered this data. 가족방

Anonymous said...

Thank you for some other informative blog. Where else could I get that type of information written in such an ideal means? I have a mission that I’m just now working on, and I have been at the look out for such information. Thanks for sharing excellent information. Your web site is so cool. I’m impressed by the info that you have on this site. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles. This is a wonderful article, Given so much info in it, These type of articles keeps the users interest in the website, and keep on sharing more ... good luck. 사설토토코드

카지노검증 said...

카지노검증

PSW550 said...

เดิมพันการเล่นได้ง่ายดาย กับเว็บไซต์เกมที่ดีที่สุดอย่าง PGSLOTGAMES ทำกำไรต่างๆได้มากมาย ไม่ว่าจะเป็นสล็อตออนไลน์ คาสิโนออนไลน์ อาเขต และยิงปลา ไม่ว่าจะเงินเยอะ เครดิตฟรีPG หรือเงินน้อยก็สามารถทำกำไรกับเราได้แล้วตอนนี้ สมัครและเล่นเกมต่างๆได้เลยกับเราตอนนี้

slot said...

เปิดบริการเกมใหม่ๆ ที่ปลอดภัย 100 เปอร์เซนต์ PG สล็อต เครดิตฟรี แจกการเล่นได้ในหลากหลายรางวัล ด้วยเงินเดิมพันที่น้อยนิด ก็สามารถมาเป็นสมาชิกกับเราได้เลยทันที เราพร้อบบริการทุกๆท่านตลอด 24 ชั่วโมง เข้าถึงง่ายได้ผ่านหลากหลายเพลตฟอร์ม ทั้งสมาร์ทโฟน แท็บเล็ต และคอมพิวเตอร์

newin said...

รีวิวเกมสล็อต Finnegan's Formula วิดิโอเกมสล็อต 5 รีล 4 แถว ที่มาพร้อมกับฟังก์ชั่นพิเศษ ที่จะสามารถเพิ่มโอกาสการได้รับเงินรางวัลเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างหลายเท่าตัว.

토토사이트추천 said...

This is such a great resource that you are providing and you give it away for free. I love seeing blog that understand the value. Im glad to have found this post as its such an interesting one! I am always on the lookout for quality posts and articles so i suppose im lucky to have found this! I hope you will be adding more in the future. 토토사이트추천
xdhjj

BobV said...

You are right, but there's even more that needs to be done.

People need to be responsible for their governments. Right wing governments, like Putin's or Assad's are highly destructive, indeed a threat to humanity, and very hard to change.
Yet, they can unleash unlimited destruction.

We could learn from countries that have good government, such as the Nordic countries.

https://gopiswrong.net/nordic.htm
https://gopiswrong.net/right.htm
https://gopiswrong.net/outlook.htm

KZNWEBSITE said...

bezoek website :Biography Of Denise Zimba
bezoek website :7 Largest Octopus Producing Countries in the World
bezoek website :Facts About Oguchi No Makami, Yamato'S Zoan Devil Fruit Form
bezoek website :7 Largest Grapes Producing Countries In The World
bezoek website :7 Largest Wheat Producing Countries In The World
bezoek website :5 delicious and delicious Angolan specialties
bezoek website :5 Typical South African Foods That Many Tourists Hunt For
bezoek website :The history of AFC Wimbledon Football Club's logo

casinosite.one said...

Really a nice article. Thank you so much for your efforts. Definitely, it will be helpful for others.

casinosite777.top said...


I am so grateful for your article. Really looking forward to read more.

casinositeguide.com said...


I am really happy to say that I deeply read your article.

safetotosite.pro said...

I am searching like this type valuable information, it’s really helpful for me.